Week-1: Critical Thinking for Language Studies
( A Brief History of the idea of Critical Thinking)

 - Foundation for Critical Thinking

Summary:-1

In this article talking about Foundation for Critical Thinking. Normally the critical means chemistry and physics, but in this article relates to critics or criticism and characteristic of critical stages (critical skills). Critical thinking has been defined;

“The mental process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesis, and evaluating information to reach an answer or conclusion."

Sometimes critical thinking is an individual and sometimes group engaged in a strong way of critical thinking. Critical thinking is a way of deciding whether a claim is true, true or false. It can be described in the west to ancient Greece with its Socratics method in East to ancient India. Critical thinking is an important components of many fields such as; education, politics, business, science and arts.

ü 'Foundation for Critical Thinking' in this article many ideas of the literary critical thinking are presented. Firstly the intellectual roots of critical thinking are as its etymology, traceable, ultimately, teaching practice and vision of Socrates by a method of questioning people and justify their confident claims to knowledge. Socrates established the fact and importance of asking deep questions. The agenda for tradition of critical thinking and Socrates practice was followed by the critical thinking of Plato and Aristotle the Greek skeptics, emphasized the surface (delusive appearance) to the way they really are beneath the surface (the deeper realities of life).

ü In the term 'Renaissance' means 'a new birth' or 'rebirth'.

The Renaissance began in Italy around mid- 14th century, slowly moving and it's over all of Europe and reaching England around 16th century. The Renaissance is associated with a variety of areas like; architecture, painting, visual arts, religion, human nature, law, and freedom. However, the intellectual and cultural aspect of commonly considered the Renaissance period in English literature, has several social, economic and political contexts that are important to the study of Shakespeare, Milton, Donne, Machiavelli and others. Some of the central features of the Renaissance are:

                                      - Quest for Knowledge,

                                      - The Rise of Civility,

                                      - The New Religion,

                                      - The New World,

                                      - The New Science,

Critical thinking in life and in education:

Criticism is the examination and test of propositions of any kind. The critical faculty is a product of education and training. Its mental resources and power. It's a basic condition human welfare that men and women should be trained it. Education is good but gives freedom of the students and creativity the new idea for education and it can be truly said that it makes good Education.

ü The result of the collective contribution of the history of critical thought is that the basic questions of Socrates:

- Ends and objectives,

- The status and wording of questions,

- The sources of information and fact,

- The mode of judgment and reasoning possible,

- The concept that make that reasoning possible.

The fundamental elements of critical thinking are thought and reasoning. If students have clarity in thought and consistency in logic, they can be taught critical thinking moves in any subject. They do not need to be taught a particular subject simply but it should have a touch of reasoning. Classes can be organized in a way that students learn to think with reference to subject and develop skills and abilities. The tools and resources of the critical thinker have been increased virtue of the history of critical thought. In educational purposes critical thinking is most important.