Week-1: A brief History of the idea of critical thinking

 What is thinking?

 Summary:-2

Generally the meaning of thinking is judgment, intelligent and process. The process of using one's mind to consider or reason about something. Thinking is, most simplify, where an individual, start a process that something modifies or strengthens their world view beliefs, opinions, attitudes, behaviors. Simply the thinking means trying to understand how people think and learn is in some ways an impossible challenge. Some of the different sense in which term 'thinking' is used.

·        Dewey's (1933) classic introduction to "How We Think" different senses of 'Thinking' and 'Reflective thinking'.

ü Thinking is a Stream of consciousness.

ü Thinking is an imagination or mindfulness.

ü Thinking as synonymous with believing expressed in statements.

ü Reflective thinking as a chain of thought leading, through enquiry, to a conclusion. Reflecting thinking is the basis of both rationality and action.

Thinking as “a stream of consciousness" is the popular product of the 20th century. The phrase of “stream of consciousness" was first used by William James in his book 'principle of psychology'.

Sometimes thinking as an Imagination or mindfulness. The most important goal of education. In educational reference, thinking is a goal-directed process that involves remembering, forming concepts, and reasoning, solving problems, considering opinions, making decisions and judgments and generating new perspectives. When we want to achieve something but we get fuss whether we will be able to achieve it or not, thinking becomes much more important at that time.

·        There are three way strategies of thinking as:

(1) Psychological Perspectives:-

In psychological perspectives the pioneering works of Bloom and associates, psychologists and educational list of cognitive processes as a improving teaching, learning and assessment.

Ex.:-
 Bergson's theory of Time and Probing of human consciousness.

Among the psychologists, Bergson's theory of time has been reaching significance in this connection. He divided into the Time:

- "Inner time" or "psychological time"

- "clock time" or "mechanical time"

- "Inner time"

And division into the past, present and future as artificial and mechanical. The past lives on in the present (future as artificial and mechanical), The past lives on in the present (In memory and its consequences).

 Interest in cognitive enhancement has become a worldwide phenomenon. South Africa sees the teaching of thinking as a valuable means of raising educational levels and developing social inclusion. China and Singapore believe that such approaches may address students’ limited creative and problem solving abilities in order to develop better productivity in the global economy. 

   (2) Sociological Perspectives:-

Sociological Perspectives say, thinking always takes place in a context that has social influence and interaction and the individual's thinking. The several of different contexts may be benefit to learners.

  (3) Philosophical Perspectives:-

Philosophical issues have a bearing upon the aspects of thinking and learning. Particularly aspects of epistemology, the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of language and related theory meaning. The way we think, know and learn. Educational philosophy general aspects of thinking are identified in different contexts.